Copper-based polycrystalline shape memory alloys (SMAs) have limitations for many practical applications due to their low superelasticity and low ductility. In order to overcome this situation. in recent years. the production of copper-based SMAs by directional solidification process has attracted the interest of many researches. https://www.roneverhart.com/Pitkin-Ave-east-toward-Stone-Avenue-Brownsville-Mother-Gaston-Blvd-1964/